<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE html
     PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"
     "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<head>
  <title>Various ways to say "should" - Tae Kim's Japanese grammar guide</title>
  <meta name="Author" content="Tae Kim" />
  <meta name="Description" content="A guide to Japanese grammar." />
  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />
  <link rel="shortcut icon" href="favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" />

  <style type="text/css">
     @import url('style.css');
  </style>

  <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="print.css" media="print" />

</head>

<body>
<h1>The way things should be</h1>

<table align="right" cellpadding="3">
<tr align="center">
	<td>
		<a href="formal.html">← Previous (Formal Expressions)</a> |
	</td>
	<td>
		<a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a>
	</td>
	<td>
		| <a href="even.html">Next (Minimum Expectations) →</a>
	</td>
</tr>
</table>

<br /><br /><br />

<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
<tr><td>
<div class="outline">
<!-- outline menu -->
<center><span class="summary">Outline</span></center>
<ol>
<li><a href="#part1">Talking about the way things are supposed to be</a></li>
<li><a href="#part2">Using 「はず」 to describe an expectation</a></li>
<li><a href="#part3">Using 「べき」 to describe actions one should do</a></li>
<li><a href="#part4">Using 「べく」 to describe what one tries to do</a></li>
<li><a href="#part5">Using 「べからず」 to describe things one must not do</a></li>
</ol>
</div>
</td></tr>
</table>

<h2 id="part1">Talking about the way things are supposed to be</h2>
In this lesson, we'll learn how to express the way things are supposed depending on what we mean by "supposed". While the first two grammar points 「はず」 and
「べき」 come up often and are quite useful, you'll rarely ever encounter 「べく」 or 「べからず」. You can safely skip those lessons unless you are studying for the １級日本語検定.

<h2 id="part2">Using 「はず」 to describe an expectation</h2>
The first grammar we will learn is 「はず」, which is used to express something that was or is supposed to be. You can treat 「はず」 just
like a regular noun as it is usually attached to the adjective or verb that is supposed to be or supposed to happen.

<p>The only thing to be careful about here is expressing an expectation of something <i>not</i> happening. To do this, you must
use the negative existence verb 「ない」 to say that such an expectation does not exist. This might
be in the form of 「～はず<em>が</em>ない」 or 「～はず<em>は</em>ない」 depending on which particle you want to use.
The negative conjugation 「はず<em>じゃない</em>」 is really only used when you want to confirm in a positive sense such as 「～はずじゃないか？」.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「はず」 to describe an expectation</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li>Use 「はず」 just like a regular noun to modify the expected thing</li>
<li>例）　受験日の<em>はず</em> (noun)</li>
<li>例）　可能な<em>はず</em> (na-adjective)</li>
<li>例）　おいしい<em>はず</em> (i-adjective)</li>
<li>例）　帰る<em>はず</em> (verb)</li>
</ul>

<ul class="plain">
<li>For the case where you expect the negative, use the 「ない」 verb for nonexistence</li>
<li>例）　帰る<em>はず</em> → 帰るはずが<em>ない</em></li>
</ul>
</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>
<p>
（１）　彼は漫画マニアだから、これらをもう全部<em>読んだはず</em>だよ。
<br />- He's has a mania for comic book so I expect he read all these already.
</p>

<p>
（２）　この料理は<em>おいしいはず</em>だったが、焦げちゃって、まずくなった。
<br />- This dish was expected to be tasty but it burned and became distasteful.
</p>
<p>
（３）　色々予定してあるから、今年は楽しい<em>クリスマスのはず</em>。
<br />- Because various things have been planned out, I expect a fun Christmas this year.
</p>
<p>
（４）　そう簡単に<em>直せるはずがない</em>よ。
<br />- It's not supposed to be that easy to fix.
</p>
<p>
（５）　打合せは毎週２時から<em>始まるはず</em>じゃないですか？
<br />- This meeting is supposed to start every week at 2 o'clock, isn't it?
</p>

<p>
Here are <a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?1Q%C8%A6_1_">more examples</a> from the WWWJDIC.
<br />You may also want to check out the <a href="http://www.jekai.org/entries/aa/00/nn/aa00nn81.htm">jeKai entry</a>.
</p>

<h2 id="part3">Using 「べき」 to describe actions one should do</h2>
「べき」 is a verb suffix used to describe something that is supposed to be done. This suffix is commonly defined as "should", however, one must realize that it cannot
be used to make suggestions like the sentence, "You should go to the doctor." If you use 「べき」, it sounds more like, "You are supposed to go to the doctor."
「べき」 has a much stronger tone and makes you sound like a know-it-all telling people what to do. For making suggestions, it is customary to use the comparison
<a href="compare.html#part2">「方がいい」 grammar</a> instead.
For this reason, this grammar is almost never used to directly tell someone what to do. It is usually used in reference to oneself where you can be as bossy as you want or
in a neutral context where circumstances dictate what is proper and what is not. One such example would be a sentence like,
"We are supposed to raise our kids properly with a good education."

<p>Unlike the 「はず」 grammar, there is
no expectation that something is going to happen. Rather, this grammar describes what one should do in a given circumstance. In Japanese, you might define it as
meaning 「絶対ではないが、強く推奨されている」.
</p>


<p>There is very little of grammatical interest. 「べき」 works just like a regular noun and so you can conjugated it as 「べきじゃない」、「べきだった」, and so on.
The only thing to note here is that when you're using it with 「する」, the verb meaning "to do",
you can optionally drop the 「る」 from 「するべき」 to produce 「すべき」.
You can do this with this verb <u>only</u> and it does not apply for any other verbs even if the verb is written as 「する」 such as 「擦る」, the verb meaning "to rub".
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「べき」 for actions that should be done</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li>Attach 「べき」 to the action that should be done</li>
<li>例）　行う → 行う<em>べき</em></li>
<li>例）　する → する<em>べき</em></li>
</ul>

<ul class="plain">
<li>For the generic "to do " verb 「する」 only, you can remove the 「る」</li>
<li>例）　す<em><strike>る</strike></em>べき → すべき</li>
</ul>

</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　何かを買う前に本当に必要かどうかをよく<em>考えるべき</em>だ。
<br />- Before buying something, one <em>should</em> think well on whether it's really necessary or not.
</p>


<p>
（２）　例え国のためであっても、国民を<em>騙すべき</em>ではないと思う。
<br />- Even if it is, for example, for the country, I don't think the country's citizens <em>should</em> be deceived.
</p>

<p>
（３）　預金者が大手銀行を相手取って訴訟を起こすケースも出ており、金融庁は被害者の救済を優先させて、金融機関に犯罪防止対策の強化を促<em>すべき</em>だと判断。<a href="http://www.asahi.com/business/update/0110/022.html">（朝日新聞）</a>
<br />- With cases coming out of depositors suing large banks, the Financial Services Agency decided it <em>should</em> prioritize relief for victims and urge banks to strengthen measures for crime prevention.
</p>

<p>
Here are <a href="http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/cgi-bin/cgiwrap/jwb/wwwjdic?1Q%A4%D9%A4%AD_1_">more examples</a> from the WWWJDIC.
</p>


<h2 id="part4">Using 「べく」 to describe what one tries to do</h2>
Grammatically, 「べく」 is really a conjunctive form （連用形） of 「べき」, similar to what the <a href="compound.html#part3">te-form</a> does to connect another
phrase. However, what needs
mentioning here is that by changing it into a conjunctive and adding a predicate, the meaning of 「べく」 changes from the ordinary meaning of 「べき」. While 「べき」 describes a
strong suggestion, changing it to 「べく」 allows you to describe what one did in order to carry out that suggestion. Take a look that the following examples to see
how the meaning changes.

<p>
（１）　早く<em>帰るべき</em>。
<br /><em>Should</em> go home early.
</p>

<p>
（２）　早く<em>帰るべく</em>、準備をし始めた。
<br /><em>In trying to</em> go home early, started the preparations.
</p>

<p>As we can see in this example, adding the 「準備をし始めた」 tells us what the subject did in order to carry out the action he/she was supposed to do.
In this way we can define 「べく」 as meaning, "in order to" or "in an effort to". Similarly, 「べく」 might mean the Japanese equivalent of 「しようと思って」 or 「できるように」.
This is a very seldom-used old-fashioned expression and is merely presented here to completely cover all aspects of 「べき」.
</p>

<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「べく」 for actions that are attempted to be done</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li>Attach 「べく」 to the action that is attempted to be done</li>
<li>例）　行う → 行う<em>べく</em></li>
<li>例）　する → する<em>べく</em></li>
</ul>

<ul class="plain">
<li>Same as 「べき」, you can remove the 「る」 for the generic "to do " verb 「する」 only</li>
<li>例）　す<em><strike>る</strike></em>べく → すべく</li>
</ul>

</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　試験に合格<em>すべく</em>、皆一生懸命に勉強している。
<br />Everybody is studying very hard <em>in an effort</em> to pass the exam.
</p>

<p>
（２）　今後もお客様との対話の窓口として、より充実<em>していくべく</em>努力してまいります
<br />We are working from here <em>in an effort</em> to provide a enriched window for customer interaction.
</p>

<h2 id="part5">Using 「べからず」 to describe things one must not do</h2>
Moving on to yet another from of 「べき」 is 「べからず」. This is undoubtedly related to the 「ず」 negative ending we learned in this <a href="negverb2.html#part2">previous section</a>.
However, it seems to be a conjugation of an old 未然形 of 「べから」. I have no idea what that means and you don't have to either. The only thing we need to take away
from this is that 「べからず」 expresses the opposite meaning of 「べき」 as an action that one must <b>not</b> do. I suppose the short abrupt ending of the 「ず」 form
makes this more useful for laying out rules. In fact, searching around on google comes up with a bunch of 「べし･ベからず」 or "do's and don'ts". （べし is an even older
form of べき, which I doubt you'll ever need.)


<div class="sumbox">
<span class="summary">Using 「べからず」 for actions that must <b>not</b> be done</span>
<ul class="plain">
<li>Attach 「べからず」 to the action that must not be done</li>
<li>例）　行う → 行う<em>べからず</em></li>
<li>例）　する → する<em>べからず</em></li>
</ul>

<ul class="plain">
<li>Same as 「べき」, you can remove the 「る」 for the generic "to do " verb 「する」 only</li>
<li>例）　す<em><strike>る</strike></em>べからず → すべからず</li>
</ul>

</div>

<h3>Examples</h3>

<p>
（１）　ゴミ<em>捨てるべからず</em>。
<br />-You <em>must not</em> throw away trash.
</p>

<p>
（２）　安全措置を<em>忘れるべからず</em>。
<br />-You <em>must not</em> forget the safety equipment.
</p>

<div class="botmenu">
<table align="center" border="0" cellpadding="15">
  <tr>
    <td><a href="formal.html">← Previous (Formal Expressions)</a></td>
    <td><a href="index.html#contents">Table of Contents</a></td>
    <td><a href="even.html">Next (Minimum Expectations) →</a></td>
  </tr>
</table>
</div>
<br />
<div class="footer">
<!-- Creative Commons License -->
<a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/"><img alt="Creative Commons License" border="0" src="http://creativecommons.org/images/public/somerights20.gif" /></a><br />
This work is licensed under a <a rel="license" href="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">Creative Commons License</a>.
<!-- /Creative Commons License -->


<!--

<rdf:RDF xmlns="http://web.resource.org/cc/"
    xmlns:dc="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/"
    xmlns:rdf="http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#">
<Work rdf:about="">
   <dc:type rdf:resource="http://purl.org/dc/dcmitype/Text" />
   <license rdf:resource="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/" />
</Work>

<License rdf:about="http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.5/">
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Reproduction" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Distribution" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Notice" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/Attribution" />
   <prohibits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/CommercialUse" />
   <permits rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/DerivativeWorks" />
   <requires rdf:resource="http://web.resource.org/cc/ShareAlike" />
</License>

</rdf:RDF>

-->
<p class="copyright">Copyright &copy; 2003-2007 Tae Kim (taekim.japanese AT gmail.com)</p>
<p>
<a href="http://www.guidetojapanese.org/forum/viewforum.php?id=18">Report a correction or suggestion for this page</a>
</p>
</div>

<div class="small" style="text-align:right;"><pre>This page has last been revised on 2005/1/13</pre></div>

<script src="http://www.google-analytics.com/urchin.js" type="text/javascript">
</script>
<script type="text/javascript">
_uacct = "UA-93357-1";
urchinTracker();
</script>
</body>
</html>
